1. Origin, Structure, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 Natural Source and Biochemical Account
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based frothing representatives are obtained mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from abattoir byproducts such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Through regulated alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural healthy proteins are damaged down right into amphiphilic polypeptides rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional teams.
This twin affinity allows the particles to adsorb successfully at air– water interfaces throughout mechanical oygenation, reducing surface area tension and stabilizing bubble development– a vital need for creating uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike synthetic surfactants, pet protein frothing representatives are eco-friendly, non-toxic, and display superb compatibility with Portland concrete systems due to their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capacity.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– generally between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight affects foam security, water drainage price, and bubble dimension, making procedure control during hydrolysis important for consistent efficiency.
1.2 Foam Generation System and Microstructure Control
When thinned down with water (normally at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and presented right into a foam generator, the healthy protein option forms a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear problems.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of larger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller sized ones– by creating a mechanically durable interfacial layer enhanced with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic communications.
The resulting foam exhibits high development ratios (normally 15– 25:1) and low drain rates (
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